A1 Vocabulary

Definition: completely necessary or extremely important

Example: “Water is essential for life.”

Forms: essential (adj.), essentially (adv.)

Synonyms: necessary, basic

Definition: Of considerable size, value, or importance.

Example: “The project required a substantial investment of time and resources.”

Definition: Enough; adequate for the purpose.

Example: “There is not sufficient evidence to draw a definitive conclusion.”

Definition: To maintain or support over a long period.

Example: “Sustainable agriculture helps sustain food supplies for future generations.”

Definition: An inclination towards a particular way of behaving.

Example: “There is a tendency to overlook the social causes of crime.”

Definition: Concerned with theory rather than practice.

Example: “The paper presents a theoretical framework for understanding behaviour.”

Definition: To make a thorough or dramatic change in form, appearance, or character.

Example: “Digital technology has transformed the way people communicate.”

Definition: To weaken or damage something, especially gradually.

Example: “Corruption can undermine trust in public institutions.”

Definition: Applicable to all cases; relating to all people.

Example: “Education is widely considered to be a universal right.”

Definition: To demonstrate or confirm the truth or validity of something.

Example: “Further research is needed to validate these preliminary findings.”

Definition: An element that can change or be changed in an experiment.

Example: “Temperature was controlled as a variable in the experiment.”

Definition: Capable of working successfully; feasible.

Example: “Solar power is a viable alternative to fossil fuels.”

Definition: A tendency to change rapidly and unpredictably.

Example: “Market volatility makes long-term investment planning difficult.”

Definition: Distributed or occurring over a wide area or among many people.

Example: “Misinformation has become widespread due to social media.”

Definition: To produce or provide a natural, agricultural, or industrial product.

Example: “The experiment yielded unexpected but significant results.”

Definition: Having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something.

Example: “Many voters felt ambivalent about the proposed reforms.”

Definition: Giving a lot of information clearly in few words.

Example: “A concise summary is more effective than a lengthy explanation.”

Definition: Causing or likely to cause argument.

Example: “Immigration remains a contentious issue in many democracies.”

Definition: To use up the supply or resources of something.

Example: “Overfishing has depleted fish stocks in many of the world's oceans.”

Definition: Causing harm or damage.

Example: “Excessive screen time can be detrimental to children's development.”

Definition: A great difference between things; inequality.

Example: “The disparity in income between rich and poor has widened.”

Definition: Written or spoken communication or debate.

Example: “Academic discourse requires precision and clarity of expression.”

Definition: To include a wide range of things.

Example: “The course encompasses a broad range of topics in linguistics.”

Definition: Fair and impartial; treating everyone equally.

Example: “The goal is to create a more equitable distribution of wealth.”

Definition: To make an action or process easier.

Example: “Technology can facilitate communication across long distances.”

Definition: Possible to do easily or conveniently.

Example: “The committee assessed whether the plan was economically feasible.”

Definition: An irregular rising and falling in number or amount.

Example: “Fluctuations in oil prices affect the global economy.”

Definition: A system in which members are ranked one above another.

Example: “Most large organisations operate within a clear hierarchy.”

Definition: A conclusion that can be drawn from something, though not directly stated.

Example: “The findings have important implications for healthcare policy.”

Definition: Not staying the same; contradictory or irregular.

Example: “The data from the two studies were inconsistent with each other.”

Definition: Existing naturally as a part of something.

Example: “There are inherent risks in any form of investment.”

Definition: To treat as unimportant or to exclude from the centre of society.

Example: “Certain groups are systematically marginalised by the education system.”

Definition: A system of methods used in a particular field.

Example: “The study's methodology was transparent and well-documented.”

Definition: A subtle difference in meaning, expression, or sound.

Example: “Good writers are sensitive to the nuance of language.”

Definition: To formally put an end to a system, practice, or institution.

Example: “Many countries have moved to abolish the death penalty.”

Definition: Existing in thought or as an idea rather than having a physical existence.

Example: “Justice is an abstract concept that varies across cultures.”

Definition: To provide space or adjust to fit the needs of something or someone.

Example: “The new policy was designed to accommodate students with disabilities.”

Definition: To gradually gather or collect an increasing amount of something.

Example: “Evidence has accumulated to suggest that the treatment is effective.”

Definition: To recognize or admit the existence or truth of something.

Example: “The researcher acknowledged the limitations of the study.”

Definition: To come to have or obtain something, especially over time.

Example: “Children acquire language naturally through immersion.”

Definition: Satisfactory or acceptable in quality or quantity.

Example: “The study did not provide adequate evidence to support its conclusions.”

Definition: Next to or adjoining something else.

Example: “The two countries are adjacent, sharing a border of over 2,000 kilometres.”

Definition: Although; even though.

Example: “The results were positive, albeit inconclusive.”

Definition: To distribute resources or duties for a particular purpose.

Example: “The government plans to allocate more funding to public health.”

Definition: Open to more than one interpretation; not clear.

Example: “The law was ambiguous and open to different readings.”

Definition: Comparable in certain respects; similar in function.

Example: “The human eye is analogous to a camera in many ways.”

Definition: To expect or predict a future event and prepare for it.

Example: “Economists anticipate a rise in inflation over the next quarter.”

Definition: Clearly visible or understood; obvious.

Example: “It was apparent that the experiment had failed.”

Definition: Anxious or fearful about a future event.

Example: “Many students feel apprehensive before important exams.”

Definition: Based on random choice rather than reason or system.

Example: “The selection process seemed arbitrary and unfair.”

Definition: To express an idea clearly and effectively.

Example: “She was able to articulate her argument with great precision.”

Definition: To state a fact or belief confidently and forcefully.

Example: “The author asserts that climate change is the defining issue of our time.”

Definition: To evaluate or estimate the nature, value, or quality of something.

Example: “Teachers must regularly assess student progress.”

Definition: Something accepted as true without proof.

Example: “The theory rests on several questionable assumptions.”

Definition: To regard something as caused by or belonging to something.

Example: “The success of the program was attributed to strong leadership.”

Definition: To make something greater by adding to it.

Example: “Technology can augment human capabilities in the workplace.”

Definition: Logical and consistent; forming a unified whole.

Example: “A coherent argument is essential for persuasive writing.”

Definition: Including or dealing with all or nearly all aspects of something.

Example: “The report provided a comprehensive overview of the issue.”

Definition: To admit that something is true, especially reluctantly.

Example: “The politician conceded that mistakes had been made.”

Definition: To be or make up something.

Example: “Women constitute over half of the university's student population.”

Definition: To deny the truth of a statement by saying the opposite.

Example: “The new findings contradict the original hypothesis.”

Definition: Giving rise to public disagreement.

Example: “The policy remains highly controversial among experts.”

Definition: Based on or following accepted norms or traditions.

Example: “Conventional medicine focuses on treating symptoms rather than causes.”

Definition: To have a mutual relationship or connection with something else.

Example: “Higher education levels tend to correlate with higher income.”

Definition: Principles or standards used to judge or evaluate something.

Example: “Applicants must meet strict criteria to be considered for the position.”

Definition: Decisive or critical in importance.

Example: “Early intervention is crucial in treating the disease effectively.”

Definition: Increasing or growing by successive additions.

Example: “The cumulative effect of pollution on the environment is severe.”

Definition: To arrive at a conclusion by logical reasoning.

Example: “From the data, we can deduce that demand is falling.”

Definition: The amount by which something falls short; a shortfall.

Example: “The country faces a significant budget deficit this year.”

Definition: To show or prove something clearly by giving evidence.

Example: “The experiment clearly demonstrated the validity of the theory.”

Definition: To make or become less in size, importance, or intensity.

Example: “The discovery did not diminish the significance of earlier research.”

Definition: Showing a great deal of variety; very different.

Example: “The city has a diverse population from many cultural backgrounds.”

Definition: Having power and influence over others; most prominent.

Example: “English has become the dominant language of global business.”

Definition: To develop or present in detail; to add more information.

Example: “Could you elaborate on the key points of your proposal?”

Definition: Becoming prominent or well-known for the first time.

Example: “Artificial intelligence is an emerging field with vast potential.”